Sport psychology and performance meta-analyses: A systematic review of the literature.

Sport psychology as an academic pursuit is nearly two centuries old. An enduring goal since inception has been to understand how psychological techniques can improve athletic performance. Although much evidence exists in the form of meta-analytic reviews related to sport psychology and performance, a systematic review of these meta-analyses is absent from the literature. We aimed to synthesize the extant literature to gain insights into the overall impact of sport psychology on athletic performance. Guided by the PRISMA statement for systematic reviews, we reviewed relevant articles identified via the EBSCOhost interface. Thirty meta-analyses published between 1983 and 2021 met the inclusion criteria, covering 16 distinct sport psychology constructs. Overall, sport psychology interventions/variables hypothesized to enhance performance (e.g., cohesion, confidence, mindfulness) were shown to have a moderate beneficial effect (d = 0.51), whereas variables hypothesized to be detrimental to performance (e.g., cognitive anxiety, depression, ego climate) had a small negative effect (d = -0.21). The quality rating of meta-analyses did not significantly moderate the magnitude of observed effects, nor did the research design (i.e., intervention vs. correlation) of the primary studies included in the meta-analyses. Our review strengthens the evidence base for sport psychology techniques and may be of great practical value to practitioners. We provide recommendations for future research in the area.

Mental Performance Consultants' Perspectives on Content and Delivery of Sport Psychology Services to Masters Athletes.

In the absence of sport psychology resources for Masters Athletes, mental performance consultants could benefit from information to assist consultancy with older adult athletes. We conducted semistructured interviews to explore 10 Canadian professional mental performance consultants' (two men and eight women) perspectives of targeted content and the nature of service delivery to Masters Athletes. Following inductive thematic analysis, results for Content of Sport Psychology related to performance readiness (e.g., preparatory routines, mental focus plans); prioritizing sport (e.g., balance/time management, recruiting social support); preserving sport enjoyment (e.g., self-reflection, gratitude/sport as opportunity); and age-related considerations (e.g., managing changing physical realities). Results pertaining to Addressing and Delivering Sport Psychology Services included considerations toward age-related attributes (e.g., values/identity, engaged/invested clients) and accommodating barriers/constraints (e.g., time, stigma). Our results show there are novel considerations when consulting with Masters Athletes, and we discuss what these findings mean for adult-oriented approaches in applied practice.

"I support you in everything": a qualitative study on maternal perception about their skating daughters

Abstract Aim: The study aimed to understand the perceptions of mothers about the practice of figure skating by their daughters aged between 8 and 13 years old. Methods: Eight mothers of skaters belonging to a youth competition team were interviewed in a qualitative study, which used narratives as the methodological approach. The interview was structured with open-ended questions and the full transcriptions were analyzed through content analysis. Results: The results of the three categories of analysis - "Skating and competing: the first influences"; "Family models and maternal participation"; and "Behavior of parents in sporting events" - showed that mothers perceived they provide emotional and motivational support during their daughters' sports practice and that they do not exert pressure for results. To not recognize negative behaviors could be negative to the skaters and may be the result of an inconscient mechanism or the need of mothers to have socially accepted behavior. They also stressed anxiety during competitions and reported strategies to cope with it. Thus, it is important to raise awareness of this situation so mothers can have more resources to manage this fragile balance. Conclusions: The way mothers participate in their children's sports life and express their support influences their sports practice; therefore, to understand how mothers perceive their involvement in their daughters' sportive practice is important to develop best practices to guarantee the quality of the interaction between mothers-children and healthy psychological development.

Psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) in a sample of young and adult athletes

Abstract Aims: This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Methods: Participants were five hundred and nineteen young and adult athletes who responded to the ABQ and Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2R. Data analysis was conducted through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), Cronbach's alpha, Composite reliability, average variance extracted, multigroup analysis, and Pearson's correlation (p<0.05). Results: The results of the CFA confirmed the structure with three dimensions (Physical and emotional exhaustion (PEE), reduced sense of sports accomplishment (RSSA), and sports devaluation (SD) [χ²/gl=2.92; CFI=.92; TLI=.91; RMSEA=.06]. Internal consistency was satisfactory (>.70). External validity revealed a positive correlation between PEE (r=.14) and RSSA (r=.23) with somatic anxiety and a positive correlation of PEE (r=.15), RSSA (r=.30), and SD (r=.14) with cognitive anxiety. Further, all dimensions of burnout had negative correlations with the self-confidence (r=.17-.23). In the factor invariance analysis, satisfactory data were found in the model's fit, establishing good factor loadings, variance/covariance, and residuals in both age groups (up to 18 years and over 18 years) and genders (men and women). Conclusion: It was concluded that the Brazilian version of the ABQ is satisfactory for the application of possible studies involving burnout syndrome in the Brazilian sports context in different group extracts.

Dimensión psicológica en el proceso de formación del luchador olímpico español / Psychological dimension in the formation process of the Spanish Olympic wrestler

El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer cómo se ha llevado a cabo el trabajo psicológico en el proceso de formación deportiva de los luchadores olímpicos españoles. Partiendo de un enfoque cualitativo, el instrumento utilizado fue una entrevista semi-estructurada, la cual se aplicó a 21 luchadores olímpicos. Los resultados muestran que los deportistas conceden gran importancia a los factores psicológicos en su disciplina, y que son fundamentales en la etapa de alta competición para alcanzar la excelencia. Consideran la motivación y la autoconfianza como las variables psicológicas más significativas en el rendimiento deportivo y predictoras del éxito en lucha. También se valoran aspectos necesarios como la capacidad de sacrificio, constancia, disciplina y perseverancia. Estiman que no han trabajado adecuadamente los aspectos psicológicos, y solo en épocas recientes se ha incorporado la figura del psicólogo deportivo a su entrenamiento

The aim of this study was to know how psychological work has been carried out in sports training process of Spanish Olympic wrestlers. From a qualitative perspective, the instrument used was a semi-structured interview, which was applied to 21 Olympic wrestlers. The results show that athletes attach great importance to psychological factors in their discipline, and that they are essential at the high competition stage to achieve excellence.They consider motivation and self-confidence as the most significant psychological variables in sports performance, and predictors of wrestling success. Also necessary aspects such as a capacity for self-sacrifice, constancy, discipline and perseverance are valued. They estimate that psychological aspects have not been properly trained, and only in recent times has the figure of the sports psychologist been incorporated into their training

Understanding the dimensions of sport-injury related growth: A DELPHI method approach.

Despite the multitude of adverse physical and psychosocial consequences of sports injury, evidence also highlights the potential for positive benefits in the injury aftermath. The purpose of this study is to address this gap by exploring the dimensions of personal growth following a severe sports injury. A 3-rounds e-Delphi method was utilized to develop a consensual understanding of the dimensions of sport-injury related growth. A panel of 24 psychology of sport injury experts participated in the process. The final list of items obtained was subjected to conventional content analysis to identify general themes. The process led to the development of a 5-dimension model capable of describing athletes' experiences of personal growth following a severe sports-related injury: personal strength, improved social life, health benefits, sport benefits, and social support and recognition. The domains of sport-injury related growth identified here are consistent with growth-domains identified in previous personal growth literature. However, they also highlight the importance of contextualizing the experience of growth. We have captured key elements of sport-injury related growth, domains that can be used as the basis for further psychometric testing and for further interventions to increase adjustment and well-being during the rehabilitation process.

Programa de entrenamiento deportivo sobre variables cognitivas en deportistas de selección colombiana de gimnasia artística. Serie de casos / Sports training program on cognitive variables in athletes of Colombian selection of artistic gymnastics. Number of cases

La gimnasia artística es un deporte que involucra en gran medida funciones ejecutivas. El objetivo fue determinar el efecto de un programa de entrenamiento (Mentality) sobre variables cognitivas (tiempos de reacción, toma de decisiones y el volumen de la atención) en los deportistas pertenecientes a la selección colombiana de gimnasia artística masculina. Es un estudio de series de casos con evaluación pre y post intervención, se aplicó el programa mentality en el sitio de entrenamiento de los deportistas y en el laboratorio de psicología del deporte de la Ciudad de Cúcuta Colombia. 8 gimnastas la media de edad fue de 21,6 años ±1,06 años. Se aplicaron los test de volumen de la atención, de toma de decisiones y el speed react. Se encontraron como resultados que al comparar las variables psicológicas hubo mejoría en los resultados del post frente al pre, se resalta que estas diferencias son estadísticamente significativas para todas las variables. Se concluye como una adaptación importante o automatización en su proceso atencional, que les conllevo a mejorar la selección de los estímulos relevantes para la práctica de su deporte e inhibir aquella información que no representa relevancia para la práctica del mismo; como resultado, aumentó la capacidad de los deportistas para tomar decisiones rápidas y acertadas al momento de la competencia

Artistic gymnastics is a sport that largely involves executive functions. The objective was to determine the effect of a training program (Mentality) on cognitive variables (reaction times, decision making and the volume of attention) in athletes belonging to the Colombian selection of male artistic gymnastics. It is a case series study with pre and post intervention evaluation, the mentality program was applied at the training site of the athletes and in the sports psychology laboratory of the City of Cúcuta Colombia. 8 gymnasts the average age was 21.6 years ± 1.06 years. The attention volume, decision-making and speed react tests were applied. It was found as results that when comparing the psychological variables there was improvement in the results of the post versus the pre, it is highlighted that these differences are statistically significant for all variables. It is concluded as an important adaptation or automation in their attention process, which led them to improve the selection of the stimuli relevant to the practice of their sport and inhibit that information that does not represent relevance for the practice of the same; As a result, it increased the ability of athletes to make quick and accurate decisions at the time of competition

The attention as a key element to improve tactical behavior efficiency of young soccer players / La atención como elemento clave para mejorar la eficiencia del comportamiento táctico de los futbolistas jóvenes / A atenção como elemento chave para melhorar a eficiência do comportamento tático de jovens jogadores de futebol

The aim of this study was to examine the associations between attention and tactical behavior efficiency of young soccer players with similar formal practice time and competitive level. The sample consisted of 80 young male soccer players from Brazilian clubs. The Vienna Test System was used to assess players' attention. The System of Tactical Assessment in Soccer (FUT-SAT) was used to assess players' tactical behavior efficiency. The Generalized Linear Models were used to verify the associations between attention and tactical behavior efficiency. The results showed that attention is positively associated with tactical behavior efficiency of young soccer players. Based on the results, high levels of attention will enable young soccer players with similar formal practice time and competitive level to display better responses regarding the tactical actions of the game

El objetivo del estudio fue verificar las asociaciones entre la atención y la eficiencia del comportamiento táctico de jóvenes jugadores de fútbol con tiempo de práctica formal y nivel competitivo similares. La muestra consistió en 80 jugadores de fútbol jóvenes del sexo masculino de clubes de Brasil. El Vienna Test System fue utilizado para evaluar la atención de los jugadores. El Sistema de Evaluación Táctica en el Fútbol (FUT-SAT) fue utilizado para evaluar la eficiencia del comportamiento táctico de los jugadores. Los Modelos Lineales Generalizados se utilizaron para verificar las asociaciones entre la atención y la eficiencia del comportamiento táctico. Los resultados revelaron que la atención está positivamente asociada a la eficiencia del comportamiento táctico de jóvenes jugadores de fútbol. Basado en estos resultados, altos niveles de atención permitirán que los jóvenes jugadores con tiempo de práctica formal y nivel competitivo similares presenten mejores respuestas en relación a las acciones tácticas en el juego

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as associações entre a atenção e a eficiência do comportamento tático de jovens jogadores de futebol com tempo de prática formal e nível competitivo similares. A amostra foi composta por 80 jogadores de futebol jovens do sexo masculino de clubes do Brasil. O Vienna Test System foi utilizado para avaliar a atenção dos jogadores. O Sistema de Avaliação Tática no Futebol (FUT-SAT) foi utilizado para avaliar a eficiência do comportamiento tático dos jogadores. Os Modelos Lineares Generalizados foram utilizados para verificar as associações entre a atenção e a eficiência do comportamento tático. Os resultados mostraram que a atenção está positivamente associada à eficiência do comportamento tático de jovens jogadores de futebol. Baseado nesses resultados, altos níveis de atenção irão permitir que jovens jogadores com tempo de prática formal e nível competitivo similares apresentem melhores respostas em relação às ações táticas no jogo

¿Por qué necesitamos una Psicología Crítica en el Deporte? / Why do we need Critical Psychology on Sport?

La psicología del deporte posee una tradición marcada por la perspectiva cognitiva conductual de la disciplina que ha sido considerada como la versión hegemónica en el campo. Sin embargo, en los últimos años se han hecho visibles varias propuestas que han logrado posicionarse como versiones válidas para trabajar desde la psicología en el amplio campo deportivo. Estas versiones, a su vez, han generado nuevos temas de investigación para resolver diferentes problemas que habían sido invisibilizados por la Psicología Tradicional del Deporte. Con el objetivo de difundir entre las redes latinoamericanas, caribeñas e iberoamericanas la existencia de diferentes perspectivas en el campo de la psicología del deporte, este número especial incluye diez artículos, 5 de ellos en español, 3 en portugués y 2 en inglés, que colaboran con el avance y la amplitud teórica en el campo

Sports psychology has a tradition marked by the behavioral cognitive perspective of the disci-pline, which has been considered the hegemonic version on the field. Nevertheless, in recent years several proposals have become visible and have managed as valid versions to work from psychology in the broad field of sports. These versions have generated new research topics to solve different problems that had been invisible in Traditional Sports Psychology. With the aim of communicate the existence of different perspectives in the field of Psychology of Sport among Latin American, Caribbean and Ibero-American networks, this special issue includes ten articles, 5 of them in Spanish, 3 in Portuguese and 2 in English, which collaborate with ad-vancement and theoretical amplitude in the field

Reflexões sobre as versões de Karate em uma cidade metropolitana de São Paulo / Reflections on the versions of Karate in a metropolitan city in São Paulo / Reflexiones sobre las versiones del Karate en una ciudad metropolitana de São Paulo

O presente artigo insere-se em um estudo amplo que pleiteia entender os sentidos das lutas corpo-rais em uma cidade metropolitana do estado de São Paulo. Para isso, elegemos a cidade de Cotia, que possui realidades díspares em âmbito socioeconômico e demográfico. Como parte deste proje-to, este artigo visa identificar as versões de Karate que circularam em diferentes práticas do cotidia-no da cidade, entre o segundo semestre de 2018 e o primeiro semestre de 2019. Como aproxima-ção teórico-metodológica, buscamos aporte na teoria ator-rede em diálogo com a Psicologia Social de cunho construcionista. Foi possível identificar três versões de Karate sendo performadas neste lo-cal: como uma modalidade competitiva, como uma prática para a vida (Budô), e como uma oportu-nidade de ordem mercadológica. A pesquisa sugere que não há um tipo único de Karate, homogê-neo, estável e permanente, mas que ele é múltiplo, produto das práticas em que está envuelto

This article is part of a broad study that seeks to understand the meanings of combat sports in a metropolitan city in the state of São Paulo. For this, we chose the city of Cotia, which has disparate socioeconomic and demographic realities. As part of this project, this article aims to identify the versions of Karate that circulated in different practices of the daily life of the city, between the second half of 2018 and the first half of 2019. For our theoretical-methodological approach, we will be using the actor-network theory in conjunction with con-structionist social psychology. It was possible to identify three versions of Karate being per-formed at this location: as a competitive modality, as a practice for life (Budô) and as an op-portunity. Research suggests that there is no single type of karate - homogeneous, stable and permanent - or different perspectives on it, but that it is multiple, a product of the practices in which it is involved

No disponible

Expanding socio-cultural identity research in sport psychology: The potential of athlete autobiographies / Ampliando la investigación sobre identidad sociocultural en la psicología del deporte: El potencial de las autobiografías de los atletas

Within the cultural sport psychology (CSP) genre, researchers have considered multiple and intersecting athlete identity expression to enhance sport participation, inclusion and performance. The aim with the present paper was to build upon, and expand a CSP research agenda that focuses on socially constructed identities, through exploring narrative inquiry in conjunction with athlete autobiographies as data (re)sources. To accomplish this aim, we outline the central tenets of narrative inquiry and convergences with CSP, followed by an overview of autobiography. We then draw on autobiography research from cultural studies and sport psychology in relation to two central areas of concern in CSP: gender issues with a focus on women and health and well-being issues in sport. We conclude with some aspirations for future research on autobiographies grounded in narrative inquiry, to expand a CSP research agenda

En la psicología cultural del deporte (PCD), los investigadores han considerado la expresión múltiple e intersectorial de la identidad del atleta para mejorar la participación, la inclusión y el rendimiento deportivo. El objetivo del presente documento era aprovechar y ampliar un programa de investigación de la PCD centrado en las identidades construidas socialmente, mediante la exploración de la indagación narrativa junto con las autobiografías de los atletas como fuentes de datos. Para ello, esbozamos los principios centrales de la indagación narrativa y las convergencias con la PCD, seguido de una visión general de la autobiografía. A continuación, nos basamos en la investigación autobiográfica de los estudios culturales y la psicología del deporte en relación con dos esferas centrales de interés en la PCD: las cuestiones de género, con especial atención a las mujeres, y la salud y bienestar en el deporte. Concluimos con algunas aspiraciones para futuras investigaciones sobre autobiografías basadas en la indagación narrativa, para ampliar una agenda de investigación de CSP

Historicising Cultural Sport Psychology: Dare we De-centre Methodological Eurocentrism? / Historiando la Psicología Cultural Deportiva: ¿Nos atrevemos a descentrar el eurocentrismo metodológico?

In this essay we critically reflect on our respective journeys to and within cultural sport psychology (CSP). Since the inception, CSP scholars have advocated for opening the privileged academic space for marginalised voices and omitted subject themes; as well as cautioned re-searchers that the CSP project itself needs to be constantly revisited and reworked to keep it in progressive flux. We argue that, despite some notable advances, CSP remains a predominantly white Anglo-American intellectual space and that previous calls to engage with issues of power and privilege in the prevailing knowledge production have been largely unanswered. The lack of diverse voices within the CSP community may be a sign of stagnation. Therefore, we believe that sport psychology community would do well to discuss the ways in which CSP research and academic/applied practices may be alienating to the new generation of sport scholars and activists

En este ensayo reflexionamos críticamente sobre nuestros respectivos viajes a y dentro de la psicología cultural del deporte (PCD). Desde su principio, los académicos de la PCD han abogado por abrir el espacio académico privilegiado a voces marginadas y los temas omitidos; así como han advertido a los investigadores que el proyecto de la PCD en sí mismo necesita ser constantemente revisado y reelaborado para mantenerlo en un flujo progresivo. Sostenemos que, pese algunos avances notables, la PCD sigue siendo un espacio intelectual angloamericano predominantemente blanco y que los llamados a participar en cuestiones de poder y privilegio en la producción de conocimientos predominantes han quedado en gran medida sin respuesta. La falta de voces diversas dentro de la comunidad de la PCD puede ser un signo de estancamiento. Por lo tanto, creemos que la comunidad de psicología deportiva haría bien en discutir las formas en que la investigación y las prácticas académicas/aplicadas de la PCD pueden ser alienantes para la nueva generación de académicos y activistas deportivos

Psicologia "do esporte" ou "da performance humana"? Explorando contextos não esportivos e suas implicações teórico-práticas / "Sport" Psychology or "Human performance" Psychology? Exploring non-sportive contexts and their theoretical-practical implications / ¿Psicología "del deporte" o "del performance humano"? Explorando contextos no deportivos y sus implicaciones teórico-prácticas

Historicamente, a Psicologia do Esporte e do Exercício esteve majoritariamente direcionada aos esportes organizados. No entanto, há psicólogos do esporte que adaptam as técnicas e conceitos desta área a demais contextos da performance humana, o que exige uma melhor compreensão sobre as implicações teórico-práticas destas iniciativas. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar uma análise crítica sobre esta tendência, baseada em estudos teóricos e empíricos sobre Psicologia da Performance. O conceito de Psicologia da Performance pode representar uma unidade existente entre as pesquisas e intervenções direcionadas a diversas atividades humanas. Ao expandir seu escopo, a Psicologia do Esporte dá origem a uma Psicologia da Performance, auxiliando diferentes grupos de pessoas que atuam rotineiramente na busca por níveis máximos de desempenho. Através de uma análise temática de documentos-semente sobre o tema, identificou-se que os principais setores para estas aplicações são: (1) o desenvolvimento pessoal; (2) o mundo empresarial; (3) o mundo artístico; e (4) as forças armadas. Compreender como essa área está se constituindo e os contextos de sua aplicação pode contribuir para a ampliação do campo de trabalho do psicólogo do esporte e para a expansão da psicologia do esporte, especialmente no contexto brasileiro.

Historically, the Sport and Exercise Psychology has been mostly oriented to organized sports. However, there are sports psychologists who adapt concepts and techniques of this area to several contexts of human performance, which requires a better understanding of the theoretical and practical implications of these enterprises. The purpose of this article is to present a critical analysis of this trend, based on theoretical and empirical studies about Performance Psychology. The concept of Performance Psychology may represent an exis-ting unity between research and interventions on different human activities. By expanding its scope, Sport Psychology gives rise to Performance Psycho-logy, which makes it possible to assist several groups of people that routinely seek maximum levels of performance. Through a thematic analysis of seed documents on the subject, it was identified that the main sectors for these applications are: (1) personal development; (2) the business world; (3) the artistic world; and (4) the military. Understanding the contexts of application and how this area is being constituted may contribute to the expansion of Sport Psychology field, as well as the expansion of work possibilities of sports psychologists, especially in the Brazilian context.

Históricamente, la Psicología del Deporte y del Ejercicio estuvo mayoritaria-mente dirigida a los deportes organizados. Sin embargo, hay psicólogos del deporte que adaptan las técnicas y conceptos de esta área a otros contextos del performance humano, requiriendo una mejor comprensión sobre las impli-caciones teórico-prácticas de estas iniciativas. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar un análisis crítico sobre esta tendencia, basada en estudios teóricos y empíricos sobre Psicología del Performance. El concepto de Psicología del Performance puede representar una unidad existente entre investigaciones e intervenciones dirigidas a diversas actividades humanas. Al expandir su alcance, la Psicología del Deporte da origen a una Psicología del Perfor-mance, ayudando a diferentes grupos de personas que actúan rutinariamente buscando los niveles máximos de desempeño. A través de un análisis temático de documentos-semilla sobre el tema, se identificó que los principales sectores para estas aplicaciones son: (1) el desarrollo personal; (2) el mundo empre-sarial; (3) el mundo artístico; y (4) las fuerzas armadas. Comprender cómo esta área se está constituyendo y los contextos de su aplicación pueden contri-buir a la ampliación del campo de trabajo del psicólogo del deporte y para la expansión de la Psicología del Deporte, especialmente en el contexto brasileño.

Modelo transcontextual de la motivación en la predicción de estilos de vida saludables / Transcontextual Model of Motivation in the Preaching of Healthy Lifestyles

El presente trabajo examinó la aplicación del Modelo Transcontextual de la Motivación en la predicción de estilos de vida saludables de atletas veteranos. Se utilizó una muestra de 682 atletas veteranos portugueses de ambos géneros, de edades comprendidas entre los 30 y los 76 años (M=43.64; DT=8.25), dónde a través de cuestionarios se ha medido: la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas, la motivación, las variables del comportamiento planeado y los estilos de vida saludables. De las conclusiones alcanzadas en este trabajo, son de destacar la relevancia de fomentar la necesidad psicológica básica de relación social, ya que ésta favorecerá la motivación intrínseca, promoviendo un mayor control del comportamiento sobre las intenciones de los practicantes, generando así mejores hábitos alimenticios, hábitos de descanso y menor consumo de tabaco

The present paper has examined the application of the Transcontextual Model of motivation in the prediction of healthy lifestyles of veteran athletes. A sample of 682 Portuguese veteran athletes of both sexes, aged between 30 and 76 years (M = 43.64; SD = 8.25), were administered the following questionnaires: satisfaction of needs basic psychological, self-determination motivation, planned behavioral variables and healthy lifestyles. From the conclusions reached in this work, it is important to emphasize the importance of fostering the basic psychological need of relatedness, since this will favor the intrinsic motivation, promoting greater control of behavior over the intentions of practitioners, thus generating more healthy eating habits, rest habits and lower tobacco consumption

Influencia del comportamiento visual en las decisiones en el bloqueo de voleibol / Visual Behavior Influence on Decision in Volleyball Blocking

El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer la influencia del comportamiento visual (localización, número y duración de las fijaciones visuales) sobre la toma de decisiones en la acción del bloqueo en voleibol. Se analizó el comportamiento visual de 38 jugadoras de voleibol (23.9 ± 4.2 años), que competían de manera federada, mediante el sistema de registro de movimientos oculares (Mobile Eye) durante la visualización de secuencias de video proyectadas a tamaño real. Los modelos de regresión obtenidos muestran que se obtienen mayores porcentajes de acierto cuando la duración de las fijaciones es reducida en las zonas HC y CB, y cuando aumenta el número de fijaciones en la zona BM y disminuye en la zona CB

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of visual behaviour (visual fixation location, number and duration) on decision-making in volleyball blocking. The visual behavior of 38 volleyball players (23.9 ± 4.2 years), who took part in federated competition, was analyzed with the eye tracking system (Mobile Eye) during visualization of real size video sequences. Regression models show that higher success percentages were obtained when the duration of fixations is low in HC and CB areas, and when the number of fixations increases in BM zone and decreases in CB zone

Motor imagery, performance and motor rehabilitation.

Motor imagery has been central to adzvances in sport performance and rehabilitation. Neuroscience has provided techniques for measurement which have aided our understanding, conceptualization and theorizing. Challenges remain in the appropriate measurement of motor imagery. Motor imagery continues to provide an impetus for new findings relating to our emotional network, embodied cognition, inhibitory processes and action representation. New directions are proposed which include exploring the physical setting and conditions in which imagery occurs and investigating if short term impairments to the motor system detract from motor imagery ability and the potential application of motor imagery for recovery.

The effect of perceived stress and specialization on the relationship between perfectionism and burnout in collegiate athletes.

BACKGROUND: Athletic burnout is common when demands of the sport exceed the rewards. Individuals with certain personality dispositions, such as perfectionism, are at increased risk of experiencing perceived stress and subsequent burnout (Fender, L. K. (1989). Athlete burnout: Potential for research and intervention strategies. The Sport Psychologist, 3, 63-71. doi: 10.1123/tsp.3.1.63 ; Gould, D., Tuffey, S., Udry, E., & Loehr, J. (1996). Burnout in competitive junior tennis players: I. A quantitative psychological assessment. The Sport Psychologist, 10, 322-340. doi: 10.1123/tsp.10.4.322 ; Stoeber, J. (2011). The dual nature of perfectionism in sports: Relationships with emotion, motivation, and performance. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4, 128-145. doi: 10.1080/1750984x.2011.604789 ). Perfectionism has both adaptive and maladaptive dimensions, with the more maladaptive qualities leading to greater perceived stress (Hamachek, D. E. (1978). Psychodynamics of normal and neurotic perfectionism. Psychology, 15, 27-33.; Rice, K. G., & Van Arsdale, A. C. (2010). Perfectionism, perceived stress, drinking to cope, and alcohol-related problems among college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57, 439-450. doi: 10.1037/a0020221 ). OBJECTIVES: This study examined the influence of perfectionistic strivings and concerns on burnout, and perceived stress as a mediator of this relationship in Division II and III specialized and multiple-sport athletes (N = 351). DESIGN: Cross-Sectional. METHODS: Participants completed a demographic questionnaire and online measures of perfectionism, stress, and burnout during the latter part of the competitive season. RESULTS: Results showed a positive, direct effect of perfectionistic concerns on burnout. Stress partially mediated this relationship. Additionally, perfectionistic strivings had a negative direct effect on burnout for specialized athletes. CONCLUSION: The relationship between perfectionistic concerns and burnout is partially explained by stress. Multiple sport athletes showed lower levels of stress compared to specialized ones. Finally, perfectionistic strivings are associated with lower levels of burnout for specialized athletes.

Ira y valoración subjetiva de que el físico influye en el deporte / Anger and subjective assessment that physical influences on sport

El objetivo es conocer las diferencias en el rasgo de ira de los deportistas y practicantes de actividad física que valoraron que el físico influyó en su práctica deportiva. La muestra está constituida por 366 deportistas y practicantes de actividad física entre 18 y 64 años (M = 27.76; DE = 9.11). Se utilizó un cuestionario sociodemográfico ad hoc y el Inventario de Expresión de Ira Estado-Rasgo (STAXI 2). Los resultados mostraron que los participantes que valoraron que el físico influyó en su práctica tuvieron mayores niveles de: ira rasgo (p < .05), temperamento (p < .01), expresión interna (p < .01) expresión externa (p < .01) e índice de expresión (p < .01). Se concluyó que los participantes que valoraron que el físico influyó presentaron mayores niveles en las variables de ira. Esto puede ser porque sus altos niveles de ira distorsionan sus valoraciones acerca de su físico o que la mala valoración de su físico les hace presentar mayor ira

The goal is to identify the differences in trait anger among athletes and people who practice sports in general who considered their body structure and physical characteristics had an influence on their athletic performance. The sample consisted of 366 athletes and people who practice sports in general with an age range from 18 to 64 years old (M = 27.76; SD = 9.11). An ad hoc sociodemographic questionnaire and the Trait-State Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI 2) were used to measure the different variables. Results showed that participants who believed that their physical morphology had a negative influence on their performance showed greater levels of: trait anger (p < .05), temperament (p < .01), internal expression (p < .01), external expression (p < .01) and expression index (p < .01). A negative perception of one's own body structure and physical characteristics was associated with higher levels of anger. This result may either be due to the higher levels of anger which may distort one's perception of his/her body structure and physical characteristics, or that a biased perception of the latter may be responsible for the high levels of anger

Understanding olympic champions and their achievement goal orientation, dominance and pursuit and motivational regulations: a case study / Comprendiendo a campeones olímpicos y su orientación, dominancia y búsqueda de meta y regulaciones motivacionales: un estudio de caso

Background: The goal was to compare the achievement goal profile and the motivational regulations of one world-class and two high-level athletes during their preparation for the Rio Olympic Games. Method: Three kayakers from the Spanish Olympic team participated. One (P1) and two (P2) were high-level athletes: finalists at the World and European championships, and several national championships. Participant three (P3) was a world-class athlete: 2 Olympic medals, 7 World championship medals, 4 European championship medals, and several national championships. Before and after three training sessions and 4 international competitions (including World and European championships) all participants completed a questionnaire to assess their achievement goal orientation, dominance and pursuit, as well as their motivational regulation. Generalized estimated equations (GEE) analysis was used to assess significant differences between subjects. Results: P3 had lower performance-approach goal orientation, stronger mastery-approach goal dominance, lower performance-approach and performance-avoidance goal pursuit, higher mastery-avoidance goal pursuit and lower controlled motivation than the other two participants. Conclusion: Our world-class athlete has a strong mastery-approach achievement goal dominant profile, and a low performance-oriented profile (both approach and avoidance) and controlled motivation. This profile should be confirmed in similar athletes to help coaches and their young athletes make appropriate decisions (AU)

Antecedentes: el objetivo fue comparar el perfil de meta y las motivaciones regulaciones de atletas durante su preparación para los Juegos Olímpicos de Río. Método: tres kayakistas del equipo olímpico español participaron. Uno (P1) y dos (P2) eran deportistas de alto nivel: diploma en campeonatos del mundo y de Europa, campeones nacionales. Tres (P3) era un deportista de clase mundial: dos medallas olímpicas, once medallas en campeonatos del mundo y de Europa, varios campeonatos nacionales. Antes y después de tres entrenamientos y cuatro competiciones internacionales (campeonatos del mundo y de Europa) cumplimentaron un cuestionario para evaluar su orientación de meta, dominancia y búsqueda, así como sus motivaciones regulacionales. Se usó un análisis de ecuaciones estimadas generalizadas para analizar los datos. Resultados: P3 tuvo una orientación de aproximación-rendimiento más baja, dominancia de aproximación-maestría más fuerte, búsqueda más baja de metas de aproximación-rendimiento y evitación-rendimiento y motivación controlada más baja. Conclusiones: nuestro deportista de nivel mundial tiene un fuerte perfil de meta de logro de dominancia de aproximación-maestría y un perfil bajo de orientación al rendimiento (aproximación y evitación) y de motivación controlada. Este perfil debería ser confirmado en deportistas similares para ayudar a entrenadores y jóvenes deportivas a tomar decisiones apropiadas (AU)

Adaptation of the test of performance strategies competition subscale to spanish / Adaptación al español de la subescala de Competición del Test of Performance Strategies

Background: In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the conceptualisation and assessment of athletes’ psychological skills and the study of their impact on sports performance. The aim of this study was to adapt the Test of Performance Strategies 3 competition subscale to the Spanish context. Method: The items included in the original test in English were translated using a double-back method, and the test was completed by a sample of 1,003 Spanish athletes of both sexes. Analyses of the factorial validity, reliability and invariance of the measurement model were carried out. Results: Favourable evidence was obtained for a measurement model comprising 36 items grouped in 9 factors, similar to the original model. Model fit was reasonable for both individual parameters and overall. Reliability rates were satisfactory for the overall test and for each factor. Evidence was also favourable for sex-based measurement model invariance. Conclusions: The adaptation is satisfactory and fit for use by sports psychology researchers and professionals in assessing the psychological skills employed by athletes in competition (AU)

Antecedentes: en los últimos años ha crecido el interés por la conceptualización y la evaluación de las habilidades psicológicas de los deportistas y por el estudio de su relación con el rendimiento deportivo. El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de adaptar al español la subescala de competición del Test of Performance Strategies 3. Método: se siguió un proceso de doble traducción de los ítems del test original en inglés, y se aplicó a una muestra de 1.003 deportistas españoles de ambos sexos. Se realizaron análisis de validez factorial, de fiabilidad y de invarianza del modelo de medida. Resultados: se obtuvo evidencia favorable a un modelo de medida con 36 ítems agrupados en 9 factores, semejante al modelo original. El ajuste del modelo fue razonable a nivel individual de cada parámetro y a nivel global. Los índices de fiabilidad fueron satisfactorios para el total del test y para cada uno de sus factores. También se obtuvieron evidencias favorables a la invarianza del modelo de medida en función del sexo. Conclusiones: la adaptación realizada es satisfactoria y puede ser utilizada por investigadores y profesionales de la psicología del deporte para evaluar las habilidades psicológicas que los deportistas emplean en la competición (AU)